Differentiating minimal brain dysfunction and temperament.

After referral to a pediatric neurologist for problems in behavior and learning, 61 children aged from three to seven years were assigned to one of four diagnostic groups: (1) minimal brain dysfunction (MBD); (2) hyperactivity; (3) learning disability; and (4) other criteria. Their temperament profiles were determined by the Behavioral Style Questionnaire. The disproportionately large number of children with more difficult temperament diagnoses in the referred population indicates that teachers and physicians may have mininterpreted a less adaptive behavioral style as evidence of neurological dysfunction. Those diagnosed clinically as having MBD were less adaptable, less persistent, more active and more negative than the control population. This suggests that MBD overlaps with difficult temperament. Children in the other three groups were temperamentally similar to the MBD group, which raises doubt about the advisability of diagnosing MBD on the basis of behavior alone. A comprehensive neurobehavioral profile is necessary to separate clearly the various factors contributing to problems in school performance.