Targeting neuronal activity and neuroinflammation for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease in a mouse model.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by progressive cognitive decline driven by complex pathological processes, including tau hyperphosphorylation (p-Tau), amyloid-beta (Aβ) accumulation, and neuroinflammation. In this study, we investigated the effects of two bioactive compounds, dihydrocaffeic acid (DHCA) and malvidin-glucoside (Mal-gluc), targeting inflammation and neuronal activity, respectively, on cognitive function and AD pathology in a mouse model of AD. Our results demonstrate that chronic DHCA/Mal-gluc treatment significantly improves recognition memory in 3xTg-AD mice without reducing p-Tau or Aβ burden. Employing a newly developed whole-brain cFOS and IBA-1 mapping technique, we found that this combination treatment enhances neuronal activity and promotes microglial homeostasis across multiple brain regions in 3xTg-AD mice. These findings underscore the potential of restoring neuronal function and immune homeostasis as a therapeutic approach for AD. Future study will explore the underlying mechanisms and evaluate whether DHCA/Mal-gluc, combined with currently approved Aβ monoclonal therapy, can synergistically prevent or delay AD onset and progression.