Advances in chrysin research for cardiovascular disorders: mechanistic insights and therapeutic prospects.

Chrysin (5,7-dihydroxyflavone), a naturally occurring flavonoid abundant in various fruits, plants, vegetables and other dietary sources, which has shown cardioprotective potential in the management of cardiovascular disorders like myocardial infarction, atherosclerosis, hypertension, cardiotoxicity and diabetic associated cardiovascular complications. Chrysin exerts cardio protection through decreasing oxidative stress by increasing endogenous antioxidant enzymes like SOD, catalase and glutathione. It shows anti-inflammatory response via suppression of pro-inflammatory mediators such as interleukins, NF-κB, TNF-α and COX-2. Chrysin treatment treatment improves endothelial function by regulating lipid metabolism and blood lipid profile. It increases endothelial nitric oxide levels and decreases apoptosis by downregulating pro-apoptotic markers. In myocardial ischemia and cardiac hypertrophy, it has been associated with reduced infarct size, vascular proliferation and enhance cardiac function. Chrysin treatment is modulated key pathways like PI3K/Akt/Nrf2, MAPK, NOX4 and TGF-β/Smad Signalling pathway. In this review we summarize the available research literature of chrysin in different cardiovascular disorders, highlighting the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying its therapeutic potential.