Paediatric Knee Injuries: A Narrative Review.

The prevalence of paediatric knee injuries is increasing due to higher participation in competitive sports, larger build and more use of imaging in diagnosis. A thorough history of injury (including mechanism and symptoms of pain and instability), together with a comprehensive examination (presence of an effusion, tender areas, range of movement and joint laxity) will dictate the need for radiological investigations. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is indicated in most paediatric patients with a history of injury and an acute knee effusion, which indicates damage to an intra-articular structure. Red flags requiring onward referral to a specialist include diagnosed fractures, traumatic knee effusion, instability, or persistent unexplained nocturnal pain or lump. Correct identification and management of injuries will help reduce long-term morbidity. The aim of this review is to provide the reader with an understanding of the management of paediatric knee injuries at primary presentation in the community setting or emergency department.