A Brazilian cohort of patients with Tourette's syndrome.

The clinical features of 32 patients (24 males) with Tourette's syndrome in Brazil were studied. The mean age at onset was 7.1 years, tics being the first symptom in 71% and hyperactivity in 29%. Blinking, grimacing, and shoulder elevation were the most common motor tics and sniffing, throat clearing, and grunting noises, the most frequent vocal tics. Coprolalia was present in 28%, echolalia in 16%, palilalia in 9%, and copropraxia in 25% of patients. Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder was diagnosed in 63%, and obsessive compulsive behaviour in 44% of patients. In 84% of patients there was a family history of tics whereas attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder and obsessive compulsive behaviour were respectively present in relatives of 19% and 53% of the patients studied. These data suggest that Tourette's syndrome in Brazil is not clinically different from other countries, supporting the notion that genetic factors play the most important part in its aetiology.