Low-cost do-it-yourself (DIY) mannequin for blood collection: A comprehensive evaluation about its use in teaching.

The use of mannequins to practice different clinical procedures in undergraduate students complies with the 3R principle (Replacement, Reduction, Refinement) without affecting professional competencies. However, commercial solutions are often expensive and therefore, not available for many schools. The main aim of this study was to describe the development and validation of an economical Do-It-Yourself mannequin for jugular blood collection from dogs. The use of the mannequin was evaluated by (1) assessment of the opinion of students and experts and (2) by conducting a pilot study where salivary biomarkers of stress were determined in students and dogs. The costs of the materials needed for the mannequin confection were less than 60 Euros and it was easily built in less than 1 h. The mannequin was very well accepted and scored by both, students and experts, being mostly liked a lot and considered it to be very useful for the practices (Scored 8, 9 or 10/10). Students that could first practice with the mannequin reported a self-perceived higher level of confidence and had lower levels of alpha-amylase in saliva after the procedure. Overall, the mannequin enables the initiation of blood sampling skills in agreement with 3R principles and is easy to perform, economically affordable and sustainable. This model could be adapted to other vein simulations and animal species, and has the potential to help students deal with stressful situations such as taking blood samples from a live animal.