Self-harm in a mixed clinical population: the roles of self-criticism, shame, and social rank.

OBJECTIVES

This study explored the relationship of forms and functions of self-criticism, shame, and social rank variables to self-harm, depression, and anxiety.

DESIGN

The study used a questionnaire design.

METHOD: In-patients and day-patients (N=73) completed a series of questionnaires measuring self-harm, mood, self-criticism, shame, and social comparison.

RESULTS

Self-harm was significantly associated with forms and functions of self-criticism, shame, and feelings of inferiority (low social rank). The self-persecuting function of self-criticism was especially linked to self-harm, depression, and anxiety.

CONCLUSIONS

This study adds to a growing literature on the importance of recognizing the pathogenic effects of negative self-critical thoughts and feelings about the self and the value of distinguishing different types of self-criticism.