Cardiac amyloidosis: a significant blind spot of the H2FPEF score.

BACKGROUND

Cardiac amyloidosis (CA) often mimics heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Due to very different treatment strategies, an exact diagnosis and differentiation between pure HFpEF and CA-related heart failure (HF) is important. In the present study, we assessed the recently published H<inf>2</inf>FPEF score in patients with pure HFpEF, transthyretin (ATTR), as well as light chain (AL) amyloidosis-related HFpEF and tested whether it differentiates between these entities.

METHODS

The H<inf>2</inf>FPEF scores consists of easy-to-assess clinical (Body Mass Index, number of hypertensive drugs, presence of atrial fibrillation, age) and echocardiographic (systolic pulmonary arterial pressure, E/E´) parameters. It can be computed in a categorical way resulting in scores between 0 and 9 points (0-1: HFpEF rule out, 2-5: further testing required, 6-9: HFpEF rule in), or in a continual way providing an exact percentage of a patient's HFpEF probability. Continuous and categorical variables were compared using the Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney-U, and χ2-tests. Diagnostic accuracy was computed from 2x2 tables. Survival analysis was performed with Kaplan-Meier curves. A P value of <0.05 was set as the level of significance.

RESULTS

A total of 100 patients with pure HFpEF, 53 patients with ATTR, and 34 patients with AL CA were included in the present study. Median age (HFpEF: 71.5 years; ATTR CA: 77.0 years; AL CA: 60.0 years; P<0.001), gender distribution (HFpEF [female]: 73.0%, ATTR (female): 18.9%, AL [female]: 38.2%; P<0.001), and N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide (HFpEF: 1045pg/mL; ATTR CA: 1927pg/mL; AL CA: 4308pg/mL; P<0.001) differed significantly between study cohorts. Median H<inf>2</inf>FPEF scores were highest among HFpEF (categorical: 5.0 points; continual: 95.1%), followed by ATTR (categorical: 4.0 points; continual: 89.0%), and AL CA (categorical: 3.0 points; continual: 31.2%). Respective P values were <0.001. Low H<inf>2</inf>FPEF scores (0-1 points) were found among patients in the AL CA cohort (29.4%), but not among HFpEF or ATTR CA patients (P<0.001). The majority of patients, irrespective of disease entity were in the intermediate score range (2-5 points, HFpEF: 80.0% ATTR CA: 94.3%, AL CA: 67.9%; P=0.006). High scores (6-9 points) were most often found among HFpEF patients (20.0%), followed by ATTR CA (5.7%) and AL CA (2.9%), (P=0.007).

CONCLUSIONS

The H<inf>2</inf>FPEF score should be used with caution, as there is a significant overlap between HFpEF and CA-related HF.