Genetics of dystonia.

Primary torsion dystonia (PTD) has a broad clinical spectrum, with earlier onset of symptoms associated with more generalized muscle involvement. The causes for most dystonia are unknown although several monogenic subtypes have been identified. One important genetic cause of PTD is DYT1; a three base pair deletion in this gene is a major cause for early-onset dystonia. Its identification has allowed the development of cellular and animal models; it has also permitted studies that identify both "manifesting" and "non-manifesting" DYT1 mutation carriers. These studies have expanded our understanding of clinical expression to include psychiatric symptoms and also have enabled imaging studies of endophenotypes. These advances provide a widened platform for future research.