Medicine and science in sports and exercise · 2023
Signal Variability Comparative Analysis of Healthy Early- and Late-Pubertal Children during Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing.
СтатьяПоддержка NIH: внешняя программаНазвание и аннотация: Перевод пока не подготовлен
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Blanks Zachary, Brown Donald E, Cooper Dan M, Aizik Shlomit Radom, Bar-Yoseph Ronen
Аннотация
PURPOSE: The kinetics of physiological responses to exercise have traditionally been characterized by estimating exponential equation parameters using iterative best-fit techniques of heart rate (HR) and gas exchange (respiratory rate, oxygen uptake (V̇O 2 ), carbon dioxide output, and ventilation). In this study, we present a novel approach to characterizing the maturation of physiological responses to exercise in children by accounting for response uncertainty and variability.
METHODS: Thirty-seven early-pubertal (17 females, 20 males) and 44 late-pubertal (25 females, 19 males) participants performed three multiple brief exercise bouts (MBEB). MBEB consisted of ten 2-min bouts of cycle ergometry at constant work rate interspersed by 1-min rest. Exercise intensity was categorized as low, moderate, or high, corresponding to 40%, 60%, and 80% of peak work rate, and performed in random order on 3 separate days. We evaluated sample entropy (SampEn), approximate entropy, detrended fluctuation analysis, and average absolute local variability of HR and gas exchange.
RESULTS: SampEn of HR and gas-exchange responses to MBEB was greater in early- compared with late-pubertal participants (e.g., V̇O 2 early-pubertal vs late-pubertal, 1.70 ± 0.023 vs 1.41 ± 0.027; P = 2.97 × 10 -14 ), and decreased as MBEB intensity increased (e.g., 0.37 ± 0.01 HR for low-intensity compared with 0.21 ± 0.014 for high intensity, P = 3.56 × 10 -17 ). Females tended to have higher SampEn than males (e.g., 1.61 ± 0.025 V̇O 2 for females vs 1.46 ± 0.031 for males, P = 1.28 × 10 -4 ). Average absolute local variability was higher in younger participants for both gas exchange and HR (e.g., early-pubertal vs late-pubertal V̇O 2 , 17.48 % ± 0.56% vs 10.24 % ± 0.34%; P = 1.18 × 10 -21 ).
CONCLUSIONS: The greater entropy in signal response to a known, quantifiable exercise perturbation in the younger children might represent maturation-dependent, enhanced competition among physiological controlling mechanisms that originate at the autonomic, subconscious, and cognitive levels.
METHODS: Thirty-seven early-pubertal (17 females, 20 males) and 44 late-pubertal (25 females, 19 males) participants performed three multiple brief exercise bouts (MBEB). MBEB consisted of ten 2-min bouts of cycle ergometry at constant work rate interspersed by 1-min rest. Exercise intensity was categorized as low, moderate, or high, corresponding to 40%, 60%, and 80% of peak work rate, and performed in random order on 3 separate days. We evaluated sample entropy (SampEn), approximate entropy, detrended fluctuation analysis, and average absolute local variability of HR and gas exchange.
RESULTS: SampEn of HR and gas-exchange responses to MBEB was greater in early- compared with late-pubertal participants (e.g., V̇O 2 early-pubertal vs late-pubertal, 1.70 ± 0.023 vs 1.41 ± 0.027; P = 2.97 × 10 -14 ), and decreased as MBEB intensity increased (e.g., 0.37 ± 0.01 HR for low-intensity compared with 0.21 ± 0.014 for high intensity, P = 3.56 × 10 -17 ). Females tended to have higher SampEn than males (e.g., 1.61 ± 0.025 V̇O 2 for females vs 1.46 ± 0.031 for males, P = 1.28 × 10 -4 ). Average absolute local variability was higher in younger participants for both gas exchange and HR (e.g., early-pubertal vs late-pubertal V̇O 2 , 17.48 % ± 0.56% vs 10.24 % ± 0.34%; P = 1.18 × 10 -21 ).
CONCLUSIONS: The greater entropy in signal response to a known, quantifiable exercise perturbation in the younger children might represent maturation-dependent, enhanced competition among physiological controlling mechanisms that originate at the autonomic, subconscious, and cognitive levels.