The brain and heart-axis in neurodegeneration and cardiovascular disease.

The heart-brain axis is a crucial, multifaceted system that utilizes neuronal and biochemical pathways to maintain physiological homeostasis. It operates in a bidirectional mode of communication, which accounts for the consequent dysfunction of the other organ due to pathological changes in either of them. Chronic neuroinflammation appears to be a central source of cellular malfunction and destruction. Reactive processes associated with it result in the release of inflammatory mediators, including reactive oxygen species, which travel from the brain to the heart or vice versa, serving as key ambassadors of intercommunication and cellular destruction. Indeed, cardiovascular diseases and neurodegeneration share many risk factors and mechanisms of cytotoxicity. Therefore, the early identification of such factors and intervention through the advocacy of targeted therapies may be crucial in protecting both the brain and heart. Thus, understanding the heart-brain axis may lead to the development of more comprehensive approaches for treating comorbid neurological and cardiovascular diseases. More importantly, this notion emphasizes the importance of maintaining cardiovascular parameters through appropriate treatment to achieve physiological levels, not only to prevent cardiovascular events (such as myocardial infarction and strokes) but also to prevent consequential neurodegeneration.