Microplastics in small semi-industrial desalination stations and bottled waters: Human exposure and emerging health concerns.

This study examines the presence of microplastics in bottled water and small semi-industrial desalination stations, which have become increasingly common due to water scarcity and poor quality in the studied region. Despite their widespread use, microplastics in these sources have received limited attention. Sampling was conducted on 234 bottled water samples from 18 different brands and 20 small semi-industrial desalination stations. The samples were analyzed using digestion, filtration, Micro-Raman, and field emission scanning electron microscopy techniques. Results revealed that the abundance of microplastics in bottled water (depending on storage conditions and aging) and small semi-industrial desalination stations ranged between 30 and 402 particles/L and from 88 to 180 particles/L, respectively. Bottled water stored under fluctuating temperatures (especially in sunlight or freezing conditions) showed significantly higher microplastics release due to secondary pollution. Polyethylene terephthalate (40%) was the dominant polymer in bottled water, while polypropylene (33%) prevailed in small semi-industrial desalination stations. The study emphasizes that regular consumption of water from these sources, particularly when bottled water is improperly stored, increases microplastic exposure. Children are especially vulnerable due to a higher intake relative to body weight. These findings underscore the urgent need for improved water resource management and safer storage practices to reduce microplastics contamination and protect public health.