Protective and remineralizing capacity of biosilicate, chitosan-based material, and fluoride on demineralized and irradiated enamel.

This study aimed to investigate the protective and remineralizing capabilities of biosilicate, chitosan, and fluoride on demineralized enamel, pre- and post-radiotherapy (RT). Enamel samples (n = 180) underwent artificial caries process (ACP) and 70 Gy irradiation. They were divided into ten groups (n = 18): Biosilicate Suspension Pre-RT (G1), Post-RT (G2); Biosilicate Gel Pre-RT (G3), Post-RT (G4); Chitosan Gel Pre-RT (G5), Post-RT (G6); Fluoridated Gel Pre-RT (G7), Post-RT (G8); Caries Control + RT (G9); No Caries Control + RT (G10). Knoop microhardness and surface roughness were measured pre- and post-ACP and post-treatment. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) evaluated topography. Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) and Raman Spectroscopy assessed chemical composition. ACP caused enamel prism disruption. G10 had the highest microhardness and lowest roughness (p < 0.05). G3 and G5 performed better pre-RT; G4 and G8 performed better post-RT. SEM and AFM showed surface protection and particle deposition in the treated groups. No significant chemical differences were found in EDS and Raman analyses. Biosilicate and partially preserved enamel microhardness and offered protective effects, alongside fluoride. These materials may benefit head and neck cancer patients by forming a protective layer and preventing radiation-related enamel demineralization.