Reciprocal Relations Between Parenting Behaviors and Conduct Disorder Symptoms in Preschool Children.

Reciprocal relations between children's conduct disorder (CD) symptoms and parenting behaviors were examined across the preschool years. Participants were 199 children (M = 44.26 months, SD = 3.37; 92 girls) and their 199 mothers and 158 fathers. CD symptoms were assessed via structured interviews; parenting was assessed via observational and self-report measures. Fixed effects models were used to assess within-individual changes and traditional cross-lagged models were used to assess between-individual changes; comparisons by sex were also carried out. Increases in maternal overreactivity predicted increases in CD symptoms. During the later preschool years, decreases in maternal warmth predicted increases in CD symptoms and increases in CD symptoms predicted increases in paternal overreactivity. Reciprocal effects were found between girls' CD symptoms and paternal negative affect. Findings suggest maternal and paternal influence on the development of CD symptoms and suggest that CD symptoms influence fathers' parenting during the preschool years.