Flavonoids as potential modulators targeting lipoprotein lipase in combating cardiovascular disorders: Mechanistic insights, pharmacological activity and drug delivery approaches.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the major cause of death worldwide, caused by a multifactorial aetiology that consists of dyslipidaemia, inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and metabolic imbalances induced by obesity. Flavonoids are a heterogeneous group of plant polyphenols. They have become potential therapeutic compounds based on their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and lipid-lowering properties, as well as vasodilatory properties and cardio protection. This review collates the mechanistic role of flavonoid activity on cardiovascular risk factors by altering lipoprotein lipase-mediated lipid metabolism. The in vitro, in vivo, and clinical evidence support the statement that flavonoids (quercetin, rutin, catechins, and epicatechin) improve the lipid profile, block LDL oxidation, and increase the functioning of the endothelium. The problem of bioavailability, which affects both chemical structure and metabolism, is a significant limitation. However, nanotechnology-based delivery systems, such as encapsulation and nanotechnology, have been demonstrated to increase stability, solubility, and controlled release. This review compiles mechanistic, pharmacological evidence demonstrating how flavonoid-rich plants mitigate obesity-induced cardiovascular risk and support the prevention and management of cardiovascular diseases.