Interactions of the endocrine and immune systems in children and young adults.

In the recent past, we have seen novel information on the bidirectional interactions between the endocrine and immune systems. Thus, the central nervous system, through the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the peripheral autonomic and sensory systems, influences the quantity and the quality of the immune and inflammatory reactions. The latter, on the other hand, regulates the activity of the endocrine system by influencing its central and peripheral components. The reciprocal effects of the two systems on each other are adaptive and help survival of the self and species. Dysregulation or chronic alterations of the endocrine system can, however, increase the susceptibility of individuals to various diseases or lead to frank pathologic states.