Response styles theory: downward extension to children.

Describes partial support found for the downward extension of Nolen-Hoeksema's response styles theory of depression to preadolescents (N = 201). A self-report measure of response styles was developed. Evidence for the multidimensionality and independence of rumination and distraction is provided, as well as support for the reliability and validity of the new measure. Results supported 2 primary tenets of the theory: sex differences in ruminatory tendencies and associations between response styles and self-reported depressive symptoms. Implications of the findings for understanding depression in preadolescents are discussed, in addition to directions for advancing this knowledge area.