[Research advances on the mechanisms of PM2.5 exposure induced brain region-selective injury and related disease associations].

Ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) can invade the central nervous system via both the direct "nasal mucosa-olfactory bulb" pathway and the indirect"circulatory system-blood-brain barrier"pathway, acting as a critical environmental risk factor for multiple neurodegenerative diseases, neurodevelopmental disorders, and psychiatric disorders. The high regionalization and functional heterogeneity of the brain endow PM2.5-induced neurotoxicity with prominent "selective vulnerability", which constitutes a core pathological link between environmental exposure and specific disease phenotypes. From the core perspective of brain region-specific selective vulnerability, this review focuses on key brain regions including the hippocampus, cerebral cortex, and basal ganglia. It systematically examines the mechanistic coupling between the intrinsic physiological properties of these brain regions and the region-specific distribution and local toxic pathways of PM2.5 components, and further explores their associations with various central nervous system disorders. By integrating multi-regional evidence, this review highlights the importance of understanding PM2.5 neurotoxicity through a"component-brain region selectivity"perspective, and provides a scientific basis for future research utilizing cutting-edge technologies to resolve spatiotemporal distribution patterns, establish precise exposure-effect relationships, and develop targeted intervention strategies.