Multisensory stimulation reduces neuropsychiatric symptoms and enhances cognitive function in older adults with dementia: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

OBJECTIVE

Multisensory stimulation defined as engaging multiple senses (visual, olfactory, auditory, gustatory, and tactile), has been demonstrated to improve older adults' general health. However, its effectiveness in mitigating neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPSs) and cognitive deficits in older adults with dementia remains unclear. This meta-analysis evaluated the efficacy of multisensory stimulation in ameliorating NPSs and improving overall cognitive function in older adults with dementia.

METHODS

We searched eight databases to September 2024 without restriction. Older adults with all stages of dementia aged 65 years and above were included. To estimate the pooled effect size, Hedge's g (g) values were calculated using a random-effects model. Heterogeneity was assessed using the Q, I², and τ² statistics. Subgroup and meta-regression analyses were performed to identify moderators. Publication bias was assessed using Begg and Mazumdar's rank correlation and Egger's linear regression tests.

RESULTS

This review included 16 studies (974 patients). Multisensory stimulation significantly reduced agitation (g= -0.96; 95 %CI= -1.44, -0.48), apathy (g= -1.27; 95 %CI= -2.08, -0.46), and depression (g= -0.28; 95 %CI= -0.48, -0.07). Moreover, the intervention significantly improved overall cognitive function (g= 0.30; 95 %CI= 0.09, 0.52). However, multisensory stimulation had no significant effect on anxiety (g= -0.81; 95 %CI= -1.79, 0.17). Significant heterogeneity was observed in agitation, apathy, and anxiety. Moreover, meta-regression analyses by educational level (junior high school and above) revealed significant moderators in agitation.

CONCLUSIONS

Multisensory stimulation shows promise as a non-pharmacological intervention for older adults with dementia. It may effectively mitigate NPSs and improve cognitive function into clinical practice as an alternative therapeutic.