Subepithelial connective tissue graft for root coverage: clinical case reports and histologic evaluation.

If the clinical goal of the periodontal plastic surgery is the complete root coverage of gingival recessions, then the microscopically goal standard is to obtain a true periodontal regeneration. Only the histological examination can reveal cellular events unrolled into the grafted tissue-root surface interface and the nature of the clinically observed attachment. To our knowledge, there are no studies that obtained the biopsies of grafted tissues from humans, in vivo, and so, the aim of the present study was to develop such a method, using a bone marrow biopsy needle. Two patients with gingival recessions were treated with coronally advanced flap and subepithelial connective tissue graft, and the clinical and histological results were observed. Complete root coverage was obtained for both cases. Clinically, the grafted tissues seemed to be attached to the root surfaces. The histological findings revealed dense grafted tissues, providing long-term stability of the area. No ligament or bone, characteristic for periodontal regeneration were observed. However, no sign of healing characterized by a long junctional epithelium was observed either. This indicated that the healing that occurred in our cases was a long connective tissue attachment, which has been shown to be stable over time. However, even if the method we proposed is not invasive, it is very difficult to convince the patient to accept a biopsy elevation once the exposed root surface was covered.