Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and substance misuse: an evaluation of causal hypotheses and treatment considerations.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is known to co-occur with substance misuse at a high rate. This has important health and legal implications for those with ADHD. Mechanisms that may influence drug use among those with ADHD are discussed and evaluated in this review, including self-medication, behavioral disinhibition, comorbidity, and sensitization. While no one hypothesis is able to explain the complex phenomenon of drug taking behaviors, it is likely that self-medication, disinhibition and comorbidity play a part, with little evidence for sensitization. The development of efficacious treatment is necessary to help those with this debilitating comorbidity, as there are currently few evidence-based interventions.