Advances in heart failure therapy in pediatric patients with dilated cardiomyopathy.

While in adults major advances in heart failure therapy in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy were documented in the last two decades, research on the mechanism and therapies of heart failure in children with left ventricular dilated cardiomyopathy has lagged behind. Despite the lack of sufficient randomized prospective studies, ACE inhibitors are first line and ß-receptor antagonists are second-line strategies in children. Following the adult guidelines, without having data concerning the pediatric population, mineral corticoids are also accepted in the treatment of pediatric heart failure, while diuretics should only be used to achieve a euvolemic status. In cases of complete left bundle bunch block or prolonged QRS duration, cardiac resynchronization is an option. If these instruments are exploited, and the child is still listed for heart transplantation as destination, evolving therapies like pulmonary artery banding in cases of preserved right ventricular function and cardiac cell therapy in cases of localized ventricular dysfunction might represent additional treatment options. This review summarizes the actual guidelines and provides an outlook for evolving therapies.