Mechanism and application of Akkermansia muciniphila in inflammatory diseases.

Chronic inflammatory diseases, closely linked to gut microbiota dysbiosis, pose a major global health burden. Akkermansia muciniphila (A. muciniphila), a key gut commensal, sustains immune homeostasis and metabolic balance, emerging as a promising next-generation probiotic. This review synthesizes current evidence on the mechanisms such as regulating the intestinal barrier, immunomodulation, mediating anti-inflammatory metabolites and regulating microbiota and therapeutic potential of A. muciniphila in inflammation-related diseases. Integrating these with experimental/clinical data across inflammation-related disorders establishes a coherent framework. Beyond live bacteria, advances in pasteurized formulations and bioactive derivatives highlight complementary advantages.