Cell-based immunomodulatory therapy approaches for type 1 diabetes mellitus.

Physiologically sufficient β cell regeneration can be achieved by the induction of hematopoietic chimerism in a type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) mouse model. However, pancytopenia and graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) limits the clinical adaptation of this modality. In this review, we discuss new perceptions on the induction of chimerism, without bone marrow (BM) recipient conditioning, via supplementation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to support engraftment of allogeneic HSCs. The use of haploidentical, gender-matched, predisposing T1DM genotype-free HSCs in combination with MHC-disparate MSCs could lead to the development of a safe protocol for the induction of hematopoietic chimerism for the treatment of T1DM.