Low-intensity transcranial ultrasound stimulation and its regulatory effect on pain.

Transcranial ultrasound stimulation is an emerging non-invasive neuromodulation technology with the advantages of deep tissue penetration, high spatial resolution, and minimal side effects. Low intensity transcranial ultrasound stimulation (LITUS) has been shownto bea promising neuromodulation treatment for psychiatric and neurological disorders. Notably, significant progress has been made recently in both the application of LITUS in pain disorders and the elucidation of its analgesic mechanisms. This review provides an overview of LITUS and its state-of-the-art mechanisms, including cavitation, mechanical, and thermal effects. We summarize studies spanning from animal models to human trials, highlighting the analgesic effects of transcranial ultrasound stimulation on pain-related neural pathways. Furthermore, we explore potential analgesic mechanisms, such as the suppression of neural activity in the ascending pain pathway and other associated processes.Lastly, we discuss the potential of LITUS for future integrative treatments of chronic pain and psychomotor disorders, as well as its broader therapeutic applications.