[Otitis media with effusion in children: research advances from microecological mechanisms to precision diagnosis and treatment].

Otitis media with effusion（OME） is a prevalent otologic condition in children that may lead to persistent hearing impairment and speech-language developmental delays. Recent studies have demonstrated that nasopharyngeal-middle ear microecological dysbiosis plays a central role in OME pathogenesis and chronicity. Advances in precision diagnostics-including AI-assisted otoscopy, wideband acoustic immittance, and electronic nasopharyngoscopy-have improved early detection, while individualized interventions such as microbiota-targeted probiotics and balloon Eustachian tuboplasty offer promising strategies for refractory cases. This review summarizes recent advances along the theme of "microecological imbalance-precision diagnosis-individualized intervention," aiming to provide a reference for clinical practice.