Helicobacter pylori infection in children.

A number of scientific breakthroughs since H pylori first became recognized as a human pathogen have increased our understanding of the pathogenesis of gastroduodenal disease. In particular, advances in molecular bacteriology and the complete sequencing of the H pylori genome in 1999, and soon thereafter the human genome, provide tools allowing better delineation of the pathogenesis of disease. These molecular tools for both bacteria and host should now be applied to multicenter pediatric studies that evaluate disease outcome. More recent developments indicate that a better understanding of the microbial-host interaction is critical to furthering knowledge with respect to H pylori-induced diseases. Studies are needed to evaluate either DNA-based or more traditional protein-based vaccines, to evaluate more specific antimicrobials that confer minimal resistance, and to evaluate probiotics for the management of H pylori infection. Multicenter multinational studies of H pylori infection in the pediatric population, which include specific, randomized controlled eradication trials, are essential to extend current knowledge and develop better predictors of disease outcome.