Βullying's anatomy: How it affects brain structure and function. A systematic review.

Bullying victimization is a common problem among adolescents with many catastrophic sequelae, as it has been associated with psychiatric disorders such as anxiety and depression. Identifying the bullying print on the human brain could be useful in clinical practice, specifically in the secondary prevention of the disorders that are related to it. This review aims to explore the potential bullying-related changes of the human brain from a descriptive and functional anatomic perspective. A literature search was performed using the Pubmed/Medline database, and, following meticulous screening, 16 articles were finally used. Our review included magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and functional MRI studies, which were focused on gray and white matter structures of the brain. Bullying affects the morphology and function of gray and white matter structures in both victims and perpetrators. Victims seem to have atrophic hyperactive orbitofrontal cortex, hypertrophic hypoactive amygdalae, and increased cortical activation in almost all brain lobes. Bullies, on the other hand, have hyperactive accumbens nuclei. Fundamental nuclei of the limbic system, namely the nucleus accumbens and amygdala, are affected in both victims and perpetrators. Bullying changes the human brain morphologically and functionally, primarily affecting structures of the limbic system. Identifying these changes early could mainly help in the prevention of the expression of psychopathology and thus improve the quality of life of victims and even help bullies to seek medical help.