Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein maintains regulatory T cell tolerance by modulating their surface IL-2 receptor levels.

Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) is an X-linked immunodeficiency condition caused by ablation of functional WAS protein (WASP) expression, and associated with susceptibility to infections, eczema, and autoimmunity. Regulatory T cell (Treg) defects are an important cause of autoimmunity in WAS. Currently, the mechanisms underlying cytoskeleton involvement in Treg-regulated autoimmunity remain unclear, and WAS is an excellent model for investigation of this question. Here, we examined patients with WAS and WASP knockout (WASp-/-) mice to uncover a new mechanism involving the actin nucleation promoting factor, WASP, in regulating Treg tolerance by modulating their surface IL-2 receptor (IL-2R) levels. Surface expression levels of IL-2R and its downstream signaling molecules, phosphoinositide 3-kinase/pSTAT5, are decreased in WASp-/- Tregs. Low dosage IL-2 combined with anti-IL-2 monoclonal antibody (IL2 complex) treatment can compensate for Treg deficiency in WAS in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, IL2 complex treatment relieved autoimmune colitis in WASp-/- mice. Reduced surface IL-2R is primarily caused by elevated IL-2R internalization and degradation, and lysosomal and endosomal genes associated with these processes are upregulated in WASp-/- Tregs. Finally, spatiotemporal analysis of dynamin and Neural Wiskott Aldrich Syndrome Protein (N-WASP) recruitment, by generating lipid bilayers and total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy, showed that WASP deficiency promoted IL-2R internalization and degradation by enhancing N-WASP activation. Consistently, N-WASP inhibition in Tregs using wiskostatin reduced IL-2R internalization. Together, our results reveal a novel intrinsic role of WASP in regulation of surface IL-2R dynamics in Tregs, highlighting a potential new therapeutic approach for autoimmune diseases.