Antimicrobial efficacy of Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) peel extracts in airborne microbial control within livestock farming environments.

Infectious diseases pose a significant challenge in animal farming, largely due to the increased susceptibility of animals in high-density farming environments. Consequently, the use of antimicrobial drugs has intensified to manage these outbreaks. However, this escalation has led to concerns regarding antimicrobial contamination and the development of bacterial resistance. Accordingly, this study aims to investigate the efficacy of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) peel extract as a natural alternative for controlling airborne microbial contamination within livestock farming environments. The results demonstrated that mangosteen peel extract exhibited substantial antimicrobial activity against a range of bacteria and fungi found in swine and poultry farms, including S. epidermidis, B. cereus, B. siamensis, and E. indicum, with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values ranging from 0.015 mg/mL to 0.061 mg/mL. As evidenced by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), these effects were achieved through mechanisms that disrupt bacterial cell walls and membranes, ultimately leading to cell death. Additionally, the extract exhibited antioxidant properties, as confirmed through ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP assays, with significant free radical scavenging activity attributed to its high phenolic content. Importantly, the extract demonstrated the ability to inhibit bacterial protease activity and exhibited rapid bactericidal effects in time-kill assays, highlighting its efficacy against airborne microbial contaminants. The findings highlight the promise of mangosteen peel extract as a sustainable and efficacious substitute for synthetic antibiotics, providing antibacterial and antioxidant advantages while tackling antimicrobial resistance and enhancing agricultural waste utilization.