Characterization of organophosphate pesticides in household dust: associations with housing characteristics and environmental factors in a Middle Eastern area.

Organophosphate pesticides are commonly used in agriculture and urban areas, posing significant public health risks due to their neurotoxic effects. This study investigates the prevalence of these pesticides in household dust in Shiraz, a major city in southern Iran, and examines their associations with various housing and environmental factors. A total of 30 residences were sampled from April to November 2022 using cluster random sampling. Dust was collected from multiple locations within each home and analyzed via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to detect and quantify 15 organophosphate pesticides. Results showed measurable levels of several pesticides, with trifluralin having the highest concentration (9.35 ng/g dust) and butachlor the lowest (0.06 ng/g dust). There was notable spatial variability in contamination, with the most contaminated location having 12 pesticides and the least contaminated having five. Statistical analyses indicated that wind-driven pesticide drift significantly influenced the total pesticide concentration, while other factors showed no significant associations. The study highlights potential health risks from pesticide exposure in residential areas, particularly near agricultural activities, raising concerns for vulnerable populations. This underscores the need for stronger regulatory measures and public awareness initiatives to mitigate exposure. Further research is recommended to explore the long-term health impacts and develop effective safety practices in residential settings.