Is preoperative smoking status a predictor of postoperative outcomes after esophagectomy for squamous cell carcinoma in a high-volume centre?

BACKGROUND

Smoking is a major risk factor for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and is linked to increased postoperative morbidity. However, its impact on long-term survival remains unclear. This study evaluated the influence of preoperative smoking status on postoperative complications and survival following esophagectomy for ESCC in a high-volume center.

METHODS

Patients who underwent surgery for ESCC between 1996 and 2019 were retrospectively categorized as smokers (S-group) or non-smokers (NS-group). A subgroup analysis was performed to compare active and former smokers. Primary outcomes included major postoperative complications (Clavien-Dindo ≥ III), pulmonary complications, and postoperative mortality at 30 and 90 days. Long-term outcomes included overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS).

RESULTS

Among 694 patients, 97 (14%) were in the NS-group and 597 (86%) in the S-group. Smokers had significantly higher major morbidity rates (37% vs 23%, P = .002), including major pulmonary complications (29% vs 21%, P = .03). Active smoking was associated with increased 30-day mortality (P = .006) and higher rates of acute respiratory distress syndrome (P = .012) compared to former smokers. OS and RFS did not differ significantly between groups. The absence of post-operative smoking data limits long-term outcome interpretation.

CONCLUSION

Smoking was associated with increased perioperative morbidity, particularly pulmonary complications, but its effect on long-term survival remains uncertain. Structured smoking cessation programs should be integrated into perioperative care. Future studies should incorporate postoperative smoking status to better assess its impact on survival.