A review update on Ganoderma species: etiology and management approaches.

Ganoderma is a diversified genus of wood decaying fungi known to cause diseases such as stem, butt, and root rot in economically significant trees and perennial crops. These fungi thrive on trees or logs and are identified by their glossy, reddish-brown appearance, accompanied by bitter taste. The Ganoderma genus encompasses a wide variety of bioactive constituents, such as polysaccharides, triterpenoids, and peptidoglycans, which underpin its potential health benefits. The distinctive features observed across different Ganoderma species render them valuable for numerous industrial and pharmaceutical applications. Despite much research over the years, taxonomy of the Ganodermataceae family is still complicated, with unresolved issues related to species identification, classification, and global distribution. Ganoderma is also a well-known phytopathogen responsible for diseases in crops such as coconut, oil palm, and areca nut, as well as in different forest trees. Although the genus is globally distributed, the majority of species are found in tropical and subtropical climates. Different Ganoderma species are acknowledged for their dual roles as both plant pathogens and sources of therapeutic and aesthetic benefits. This paper explores the life cycle, host range, infection mechanisms, and detection techniques, including laboratory-based methods (such as RAPD, RFLP, ELISA, FRET, DNA biosensors, TLS, and electronic nose technologies) and remote sensing. Furthermore, it outlines several potential strategies for disease management and control.