Distribution of leukocytes as indicators of stress in the Australian swellshark, Cephaloscyllium laticeps.

Differential leukocyte counts were taken of blood smears collected from laboratory stressed adult Australian swellsharks Cephaloscyllium laticeps. We calculated the granulocyte (combined count of heterophils and neutrophils) to lymphocyte (G/L) ratio to use as a new physiological indicator of stress for sharks. Animals were captured and stressed using commercial fishing gear (monofilament gillnet and mid-water longline) in a laboratory setting, with blood samples collected prior to capture and at predetermined intervals during a subsequent 72 h recovery period. There was a significant increase in the G/L ratio of 291.14 +/- 54.13% at 72 h post-capture during recovery from the 6-h gillnet capture plus 15-mintue air exposure. Six hours of longline capture plus 15 min of air exposure also evoked a significant increase in the G/L ratio of 490.32 +/- 294.25% (24 h post-capture) and 590.53 +/- 277.65% (72 h post-capture). There was no significant change in the G/L ratio for control sharks that did not undergo capture stress but that experienced an identical blood-sampling regime as captured animals. Our study presents findings of stress-induced changes in leukocyte distribution within the peripheral blood of a shark species brought on by lymphopenia (decrease in lymphocytes) and granulocytosis (increase in granulocytes), and confirms this as a useful measure of the relatively rapid onset of stress in these animals.