Induction of heterotopic and orthotopic cartilage and bone formation in mice.

Heterotopic cartilage, bone and bone-marrow formation was achieved in mice by transplantation of a variety of xenogeneic established cell lines, by the transitional epithelium or by implants of demineralized bone matrix. The pattern and the sequence of events were always the same, regardless of the inducer used; viz., hyaline cartilage appeared 6-7 days after implantation, and endochondral bone formation followed. However, in cases of allogeneic implants of transitional epithelium into species other than the mouse, an intramembranous osteogenesis was the main mode of bone formation. When the yield of induced bone was high enough, a true myelopoiesis developed after three weeks. Heterotopically-induced bones had a relatively short life-span. Periosteal membranes of bones at the sites of sarcomes induced by M-MSV responded with rapid and extensive proliferation, with subsequent bone and, sometimes, hyaline cartilage deposition. This phenomenon was observed in long and cranial bones. However, bone induced heterotopically by demineralized bone matrix did not respond in such a way to the presence of M-MSV-induced sarcoma, suggesting that the connective tissue-encapsulated heterotopic bone was not a functioning periosteum. M-MSV-induced sarcoma also stimulates proliferation of elastic cartilage.