Molecular markers in diagnostics of fungi and fungal mycotoxins: A narrative review.

Fungi have dual impacts on human life, providing biotechnological benefits while posing health risks through mycotoxin production. These toxic secondary metabolites contaminate food and feed, causing serious health issues. This narrative review highlights detection and diagnostic strategies for mycotoxigenic fungi and their toxins. Literature from PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science (2020-2024) was reviewed using keywords such as "mycotoxins," "fungal diagnostics," "biosensors," and "CRISPR." Analytical quantification relies mainly on liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, while enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and lateral flow assays enable rapid screening. Molecular tools, including polymerase chain reaction, microarrays, and next-generation sequencing, enhance the accuracy of fungal identification. Emerging platforms (CRISPR-based assays, biosensors, aptamers, and electronic noses) offer the potential for portable, real-time detection. Key challenges involve reducing assay costs, improving sensitivity in complex matrices, and harmonizing international standards. Integrating molecular and analytical approaches can strengthen early-warning systems to limit the health and economic burdens of mycotoxin contamination.