Therapeutic protocols for avulsed permanent teeth: review and clinical update.

Traumatic injuries to permanent teeth include coronal and root fractures, subluxations, luxations, and avulsions. The most common complications after avulsions are necrosis of the pulp and root resorption. Treatment is often complex, time consuming, and expensive and requires multidisciplinary approaches such as endodontic and periodontal treatments, surgery, orthodontic movements, as well as esthetic coronal restoration. This review describes new clinical modalities for the treatment of avulsed teeth and discusses the rationale for their use.