Classification of soft-tissue degloving in limb trauma.

Compressive, tortional and abrasive deforming forces are translated to the limbs during high energy trauma. The long bones may be fractured in many patterns with a varying extent of fragmentation and comminution but the soft-tissues appear to absorb the forces in a predictable way. We retrospectively reviewed a series of 79 complex limb injuries treated in a dedicated centre where the clinical notes and photo-documentation were meticulously kept and where the outcomes were known. The soft-tissue injuries were then described and revealed four patterns of injury: abrasion/avulsion, non-circumferential degloving, circumferential single plane and circumferential multi-plane degloving. These patterns occurred either in isolation or occasionally in combination. Resuturing of degloved skin was only successful in non-circumferential (pattern 2) cases. Radical excision of devitalised tissue followed by soft-tissue reconstruction in a single procedure was successful in all patterns apart from pattern 4 (circumferential multi-plane degloving). In pattern 4 we recommend serial wound excision prior to reconstruction.