Disturbance of mitochondrial dynamics led to spermatogenesis disorder in mice exposed to polystyrene micro- and nanoplastics.

The widespread presence of polystyrene micro- and nanoplastics (PS-MPs/NPs) in the environment poses a threat to the health of the population. Animal studies have shown PS-MPs/NPs had male reproductive toxicity, while its mechanisms are unclear. To investigate that, male Balb/c mice were randomized into 3 groups: the control, 1 μm PS-MPs and 70 nm PS-NPs group, and they were given PS-MPs/NPs by intratracheal instillation for 28 days. Results revealed that PS-MPs/NPs up-regulated the expression of mitochondrial fission related factors (p-DRP1/DRP1, FIS1) and down-regulated the level of mitochondrial fusion related factors (MFN1/2, OPA1), causing over mitochondrial fission, which activating mitochondrial apoptotic pathway (BAX, Cleaved-Caspase9, Cleaved-Caspase3), resulting in cell apoptosis. Moreover, the damaged structure of mitochondria and over mitochondrial fission caused mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) to translocate from mitochondria to cytoplasm, which activated DNA sensing pathway (cGAS-STING) and induced cell pyroptosis in testis by raising the expression of inflammation factors (NLRP3, ASC, Caspase1 p20, IL-1β). In vitro, by using the mitochondrial fission inhibitor Mdivi-1, it is found that PS-NPs-induced cell apoptosis and pyroptosis were associated with over mitochondrial fission. Taken together, we conclude that PS-MPs/NPs cause spermatogenesis disorder possibly through damaging mitochondrial structure and dynamic homeostasis, which on the one hand results in mitochondria-mediated apoptosis, and on the other hand leads to mtDNA mislocalization, activating cGAS-STING pathway and inflammation, ultimately resulting in pyroptosis. This study may provide a new reference to the potential mechanisms of male reproductive toxicity caused by PS-MPs/NPs.