Trauma-induced coagulopathy in pediatric patients: an evidence-based approach.

Trauma is the leading pediatric public health problem worldwide. Immaturity of the hemostatic system in children increases the risk of Trauma-Induced Coagulopathy (TIC). Therefore, based on a literature review, a clinical protocol was developed. The literature analysis was conducted by selecting systematic reviews, randomized controlled trials, observational studies, and expert consensus statements. Grades of recommendation and levels of evidence were classified according to the 2014 Oxford University criteria. Laboratory monitoring during the first hour is of paramount importance. For fluid resuscitation, crystalloid solutions are recommended up to 20 mL/kg, with a transition to blood components as soon as they become available. The indication for blood component transfusion should be based on clinical signs and symptoms, rather than laboratory results alone. Thromboelastography may be useful to guide blood component transfusion. In patients refractory to 20 mL/kg of crystalloid infusion with severe hemorrhage, a massive transfusion protocol is recommended, with plasma-to-red blood cell ratios of 1:1 or 1:2. When available, whole blood should be used. With regard to tranexamic acid, there are unresolved issues; however, its use is recommended by experts in cases of severe hemorrhage. Deep vein thrombosis prophylaxis with enoxaparin should be considered after hemodynamic stabilization in patients older than 15 years with a low risk of bleeding, as well as in pubertal patients younger than 15 years who have sustained severe trauma and have a low bleeding risk.