Autografting followed by rituximab for chemosensitive mantle cell lymphoma: a pilot study and literature review.

Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is rarely cured with either conventional-dose chemotherapy or autografting. Recent evidence suggests that anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody therapy (rituximab) in combination with chemotherapy may improve the response rate. We report a pilot study of autografting using busulfan-melphalan conditioning followed by rituximab in 9 patients (median age 52 years) with chemosensitive MCL. Rituximab was given for 4 doses of 375 mg/m(2) between 4 and 10 weeks post-transplant. Three of 5 patients autografted after induction therapy remain alive in clinical and molecular complete remission at 33-50 months post-transplant. Only 1 of 4 patients autografted after relapse remains in complete remission. Two of the 3 patients with persistent marrow molecular positivity post-autograft became negative after rituximab therapy. Molecular negativity was first observed in 2 patients only after rituximab therapy. Overall, 2 patients have relapsed and the remaining 3 died of late-onset respiratory failure, probably reflecting infection and/or aggressive conditioning in an older patient population. These preliminary results, together with a review of the literature, suggest that the combination of autografting and rituximab may lead to durable molecular remissions in patients with chemosensitive MCL. Further studies are required to clarify whether the administration of rituximab: (1) is optimal pre- or post-autograft and (2) impacts on the incidence of infection and idiopathic pneumonitis in this context.