The rheology of injectable hyaluronic acid hydrogels used as facial fillers: A review.

Injectable hyaluronic acid (HA) hydrogels have been popularized in facial aesthetics as they provide a long-lasting effect, low risk of complications, allergenicity tests are not required before application and can be easily removed by the action of hyaluronidases. On the other hand, the development of these systems requires in-depth studies of chemical mechanisms involved in hydrogel formation. Ideal dermal fillers should temporarily fluidize during extrusion through the needle and quickly recover their original shape after application. Hydrogels with more elastic properties, for example, are difficult to inject while viscous materials are too liquid. A balance between both properties should be achieved. Each region of the face requires products with distinct rheological properties. High G' dermal fillers are preferable for deeper wrinkles whereas the counterpart with lower values of G' is more indicated in superficial wrinkles or lip augmentation. Factors such as molecular weight and concentration of HA, pH, type and concentration of the crosslinking agent, particle size, crosslinking reaction time and crosslinking agent/polysaccharide ratio should be modulated to achieve specific rheological properties. In this review, the effect of each variable is discussed in detail to guide the rational development of new dermal fillers.