Reproductive effects of pubertal exposure to neonicotinoid thiacloprid in immature male mice.

Thiacloprid (THIA) is a kind of neonicotinoid, a widely used insecticide class. Animal studies of adult and prenatal exposure to THIA have revealed deleterious effects on mammalian sperm fertility and embryonic development. A recent cross-sectional study linked higher THIA concentrations to delayed genitalia development stages in adolescent boys, suggesting that pubertal exposure to THIA may adversely affect reproductive development in immature males. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the effects of daily oral administration of THIA during puberty on the reproductive system of developing male mice. Young male C57 BL/6 J mice aged 21 days were administrated with THIA at concentrations of 10 (THIA-10), 50 (THIA-50) and 100 mg/kg (THIA-100) for 4 weeks by oral gavage. It is found that exposure to 100 mg/kg THIA diminished sexual behavior in immature male mice, caused a decrease in the spermatogenic cell layers and irregular arrangement of the seminiferous epithelium, and down-regulated the mRNA levels of spermatogenesis-related genes Ddx4, Scp3, Atg5, Crem, and Ki67, leading to an increase of sperm abnormality rate. In addition, THIA exposure at 50 and 100 mg/kg reduced the serum levels of testosterone and FSH, and decreased the expression levels of Star and Cyp11a1 related to testosterone biosynthesis. THIA exposure at 10 mg/kg did not produce any of the above significant changes. In conclusion, the high dose of THIA exposure impaired reproductive function in immature mice. It seems that THIA has no detrimental effects on the reproductive system of mice at low dose of 10 mg/kg.