Damage induced in episomal EBV DNA in Raji cells by antitumor drugs as measured by pulsed field gel electrophoresis.

The studies described below were carried out to analyze the damage induced by DNA active drugs to episomal (Epstein-Barr virus, EBV) DNA in the Raji Burkitt's lymphoma cell line. This work: (i) applies pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) techniques to quantify DNA damage on a large (approximately 180 kbp), circular target, (ii) investigates the DNA strand-scission behavior of different classes of drugs on the EBV episome, and (iii) compares EBV episomal damage to that generated in genomic DNA in the Raji cell line. Cells were treated with ionizing radiation to induce random strand scission, and the migration of topological forms of EBV was measured using PFGE. DNA damage induced in the episome by DNA active drugs was then assayed. Three drugs, acting by different types of DNA interactive mechanisms, were used: bleomycin, an intercalative DNA strand-scission agent; and amsacrine (mAMSA) and teniposide (VM26), intercalative and nonintercalative topoisomerase II active drugs, respectively. Rad equivalency of damage was determined by comparing the drug-induced change in percentage of Forms I and III to that generated by ionizing radiation. Additionally, single- and double-strand scission induced in genomic (total cellular) DNA by X-rays, bleomycin, amsacrine, and teniposide were assayed by high-sensitivity alkaline and neutral filter elution techniques. We demonstrate that pulsed-field gel electrophoresis is a useful technique for measuring form conversion in large episomal DNA. While all three drugs effect both episomal and genomic DNA strand scission, bleomycin appears to preferentially damage the EBV episome. The topoisomerase II active drugs mAMSA and VM26 show no evidence of episome-directed damage in this system and, in fact, damage genomic DNA at somewhat higher rates.