Prevalence and outcomes of co-occurring psychiatric and endocrine, metabolic, and nutritional disorders: An atlas based on umbrella review of 254,154,533 records.

Psychiatric disorders frequently co-occur with endocrine, nutritional, and metabolic disorders, complicating diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. To date, no umbrella review (UR) has summarized the corresponding evidence. We conducted a UR of meta-analyses of observational studies reporting the prevalence and outcomes of comorbid endocrine, nutritional, metabolic, and psychiatric disorders (DSM/ICD criteria, PubMed/Medline/Scopus/Embase/Web of Science, 13/10/2025). Meta-analytic prevalence and association estimates were recalculated/and graded using quantitative criteria. The methodological quality of the meta-analyses was assessed with AMSTAR-2. Subgroup and meta-regression were conducted. Eighty-one meta-analyses (records=254,154,533, k=1,780) yielded 119 meta-analytic estimates. Among 64 prevalence estimates drafted from the original meta-analyses, 10(6.4%) had strong credibility, namely (among adults unless otherwise specified): obesity in autism spectrum disorder(17.0%, 95%C.I.=13.0-22.0); Vitamin-D deficiency in schizophrenia(65.3%, 95%C.I.=46.4-84.2); major depressive disorder(MDD) in diabetic foot ulcer(47.0%, 95%C.I.=26.0-85.0), in diabetes mellitus(61.8%; 95%C.I.=56.6-66.7%), in metabolic syndrome (30.5%; 95%C.I.=26.3-35.1), and in polycystic ovary syndrome(PCOS)(37.0%; 95%C.I.=29.0-44.0%); anxiety in PCOS(48.0%, 95%C.I.=37.0-59.0), in type-1 diabetes(21.3%, 95%C.I.=17.8-26.7); type-2-diabetes in MDD(8.7%; 95%C.I.=7.3-10.2%); and mild cognitive impairment in type-2-diabetes(45.0%; 95%C.I.=36.0-54.0%). Five of 43(11.7%) outcomes met strong credibility criteria. Comorbid-MDD vs. non-comorbid-MDD posed a higher risk for all-cause mortality (relative risk/RR=1.48, 95%C.I.=1.4-1.6) and dementia (RR=2.1, 95%C.I.=1.7-2.6) among diabetic people. ADHD-comorbidity increased glycate hemoglobin-A1C levels among type-I diabetes children (SMD=0.7, 95%C.I.=0.5-0.9) and type-2 diabetic females (SMD=0.6, 95%CI=0.4-0.7). Diabetes increased the risk of 30-day hospital readmission (RR=1.2, 95%C.I.=1.1-1.3) in people with dementia. This study provides a comprehensive atlas of the prevalence and outcomes associated with multimorbidity across endocrine, nutritional, metabolic, and psychiatric diseases, assessing credibility and prompting integrated, multidisciplinary care.