Surgical Conditions of Psittacine and Passerine Birds.

This article reviews the most common soft tissue surgical conditions in psittacine and passerine birds, emphasizing clinical presentation, diagnostic approaches, and decision-making in surgical versus medical management. Conditions affecting the skin, feathers, cloaca, uropygial gland, and lower respiratory tract are discussed with attention to underlying pathophysiology, stabilization, prognosis, and frequent complications. Practical guidance supports the clinician in selecting appropriate interventions-from minimally invasive techniques to advanced procedures such as cloacopexy or tracheal surgery, while integrating husbandry, nutritional, and behavioral factors essential for long-term success.