A review of self-supervised imaging phenotypes for genome-wide association studies.

Biobank-scale imaging-genomic cohorts enable genome-wide association studies (GWASs) of organ structure and function. Traditional approaches rely on expert-defined image-derived phenotypes (IDPs), which capture only a fraction of the biological variation in high-content images. Powered by artificial intelligence, self-supervised learning (SSL) learns representations directly from intrinsic image structures, creating scalable, data-driven traits. Here, we review the technical frameworks and challenges of SSL-based imaging genetics and their applications in brain MRI, cardiac MRI, and retinal imaging. Early studies suggest that these data-driven approaches can complement traditional IDPs and may expand the phenotypic space available for discovery of heritable imaging traits, although broader validation across cohorts, ancestries, scanners, and imaging protocols remains needed.