Psychiatric morbidity and gambling disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis of population-based surveys.

BACKGROUND

The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence and type of mental disorders associated with pathological gambling/gambling disorder (GD) in the general population.

METHODS

Systematic review and meta-analysis of adult population-based studies reporting on psychiatric comorbidity of GD according to International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10/ICD-11), Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV/DSM-5) criteria, or widely used assessment instruments. PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases were searched for relevant studies in English. The study's protocol was preregistered in PROSPERO (CRD42024574210).

RESULTS

Of 454 articles published between 1993 and 2024, 12 met the inclusion criteria. Most studies used DSM-IV or DSM-5 criteria (only two ICD-10 criteria), and were evenly distributed across Europe, North America, and Southeast Asia. The weighted average prevalence of any mental disorder in individuals with GD was 82.2%. High comorbidity rates were found for substance use disorders (SUDs) (34.2%), mood disorders (30.9%), and anxiety disorders (29.9%), followed by personality (14.3%) and psychotic (5.9%) disorders. Meta-analysis indicates that individuals with GD are 10.7 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 5.7;20.1) times more likely to develop any mental disorder than the general population. The odds ratio for mental disorders associated with GD were 5-12 times higher for nicotine dependence, drug use disorder, alcohol use disorder, and SUD, and 3-4 times higher for anxiety and mood disorders.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings add weight to the view that GD is associated with a significantly increased risk for addictive behaviors, mood, and anxiety disorders.