European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology · 2026
Retail wet markets, food handlers, and hospitalised patients as nodes in a shared non-typhoidal Salmonella ecosystem: a one health molecular epidemiological pilot study in Wuhan, China.
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Tang Feng, Chen Zhi, Deng Shiyong, Wang Xiaomei, Gong Xuyang, Li Ran, Xi Lei, Li Changzhen, Wang Baoxiang, Luo Wanjun
Аннотация
BACKGROUND: Non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) is a leading foodborne pathogen in China, yet the transmission dynamics linking retail wet markets, food handlers, and hospitalised patients remain poorly characterised. Using a One Health framework, we investigated whether genotypically related Salmonella populations circulate across these three source categories in Wuhan.
METHODS: Thirty-two non-duplicate Salmonella isolates were recovered from retail meat at four wet markets (n = 9), anal swabs of food handlers (n = 7), and stool cultures of paediatric inpatients (n = 16) in Wuhan (June 2022-September 2023). All isolates underwent serotyping, antimicrobial susceptibility testing (17 agents), resistance gene PCR, biofilm assay, and XbaI-PFGE genotyping.
RESULTS: Nineteen isolates (59.4%) were multidrug-resistant (MDR). blaCTX-M was the predominant β-lactamase gene (17/32, 53.1%) and was absent from all food-handler isolates (0/7), which instead displayed a distinctive tetracycline-trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole-chloramphenicol (TCY/SXT/CHL) co-resistance profile with elevated sul3 prevalence (3/7, 42.9%). PFGE resolved four clusters (A-D); two cross-source clusters (A and D) suggested genetic relatedness warranting whole-genome sequencing (WGS) confirmation. Cluster D provides the first molecular signal of a possible link between an asymptomatic food-handler S. Enteritidis carrier and hospitalised patients (B34-XL112, 95.7% PFGE similarity). A single clinical isolate (XL48, Cluster D) exhibited strong biofilm formation.
CONCLUSIONS: Food handlers may represent an underexamined node connecting retail food environments and hospitals in this NTS ecosystem. These findings support integrating food-handler surveillance into food safety and hospital infection control programmes, with WGS recommended to confirm or refute the candidate clusters identified by PFGE.
METHODS: Thirty-two non-duplicate Salmonella isolates were recovered from retail meat at four wet markets (n = 9), anal swabs of food handlers (n = 7), and stool cultures of paediatric inpatients (n = 16) in Wuhan (June 2022-September 2023). All isolates underwent serotyping, antimicrobial susceptibility testing (17 agents), resistance gene PCR, biofilm assay, and XbaI-PFGE genotyping.
RESULTS: Nineteen isolates (59.4%) were multidrug-resistant (MDR). blaCTX-M was the predominant β-lactamase gene (17/32, 53.1%) and was absent from all food-handler isolates (0/7), which instead displayed a distinctive tetracycline-trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole-chloramphenicol (TCY/SXT/CHL) co-resistance profile with elevated sul3 prevalence (3/7, 42.9%). PFGE resolved four clusters (A-D); two cross-source clusters (A and D) suggested genetic relatedness warranting whole-genome sequencing (WGS) confirmation. Cluster D provides the first molecular signal of a possible link between an asymptomatic food-handler S. Enteritidis carrier and hospitalised patients (B34-XL112, 95.7% PFGE similarity). A single clinical isolate (XL48, Cluster D) exhibited strong biofilm formation.
CONCLUSIONS: Food handlers may represent an underexamined node connecting retail food environments and hospitals in this NTS ecosystem. These findings support integrating food-handler surveillance into food safety and hospital infection control programmes, with WGS recommended to confirm or refute the candidate clusters identified by PFGE.