Molecular architecture and targeted killing mechanisms of T cell immune synapses in oral lichen planus.

OBJECTIVE(S): This review focuses on the formation, molecular composition, and functional dynamics of T cell immune synapses within oral lichen planus (OLP) lesions. It aims to systematically elucidate how these specialized junctions direct cytotoxic T cells to recognize and eliminate basal keratinocytes, which is central to OLP pathogenesis.

DESIGN

We synthesized recent advances in the field to dissect the key cellular events at the T cell-keratinocyte interface. The review provides an in-depth analysis of the dynamic regulation of immune synapses, evaluating their role in targeted cytotoxicity.

RESULTS

The aberrant activation of T lymphocytes and their attack on epithelial keratinocytes in OLP are coordinated by immune synapses. We detail the critical signaling events, cytoskeletal reorganization, and polarized delivery of effector molecules (notably perforin and granzymes) that underpin this specific cytotoxicity. Furthermore, potential therapeutic strategies aimed at disrupting critical nodes within immune synapse assembly and function are evaluated.

CONCLUSIONS

By integrating current knowledge, this review provides novel insights into the immunopathology of OLP. It lays a conceptual foundation for developing future precision immunotherapies that specifically target the dysregulated T cell-keratinocyte interface.